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Pattern ReadingUnderstanding Vertical and Horizontal Stretchby: Mark Miller Secondary Coach © More from this issue This article is part two of a two part series. Part one was entitled: Landmarks: The Foundation of Zone Coverage. Pattern Reading serves three purposes for the defense. Defenses utilize a system of ‘Pattern Reading’ to get an early indicator of what type routes the offense is going to execute. It also serves to reduce the number of possible route combinations that the defense must anticipate and defend. Thus, maximizing the efficiency of how we leverage routes in zone pass coverage. Stretch Principle
The cause and effect relationship of this principle is to understand that for every shallow route there is a deeper one behind it. We tell our players, “For every under, there is an over and for every over there is an under.” Understanding Formations Understanding formations is a three phase process: acknowledging the core, recognizing eligible receivers as well as their splits, formation identification and stress point recognition. The Core
Eligible Receivers The ‘Core of the Formation’ has reduced the number of eligible receivers to five. Five offensive players can align anywhere they choose to create an offensive formation, as long as two of them are on the line of scrimmage, making seven men on the L.O.S. Moreover, if an eligible receiver aligns on the line of scrimmage outside of another eligible receiver, covering him up, that inside receiver is ineligible, and may not execute a route. These five players can attach themselves to the core as a TE or backs in the backfield, thus creating extra gaps to defend. They may also align out wide and set the perimeter, leaving only one back in the back field or no backs in the backfield. The key points to recognize is the location of the extra gap to defend, who and where the immediate vertical threats align. When identifying these eligible receivers, we assign them a number designation. We split the formation in half at the center and count from the outer most perimeter receiver toward the core, up to #3 (See Diagram 3).
The second aspect of understanding formations is to analyze wide receiver’s splits, where they are lining up. A receiver’s split refers to the width he has displaced himself from the core of the formation. This split dictates what type of route he is going to run, a type of vertical, an inside breaking route or an outside breaking route. It is further defined by the ball being placed in the middle of the field or on a hash mark. Splits are identified in three general categories: normal, wide and tight. ‘Normal’ refers to where the receivers lined up most often, and may execute any facet of their offensive attack. ‘Wide’ refers to a split that is wider than normal, and ‘Tight’ being a split that is tighter than normal. Each category is defined by four criteria: the ball being placed in the middle of the field or on a hash, the type of formation, the most frequent routes executed from these specific alignments and run / pass relationships. These split tendencies are defined during the off season video study. Every opposing offense is analyzed to determine the most frequent routes we defend, each split and at which point we can anticipate only inside breaking routes or only outside breaking routes. This process gives us the foundation for our off season application of applying split rules. Each category of normal, wide and tight may have slight differences within each league (Pro, NCAA or high school), conference (SEC, Big 10, Big12, PAC 10, WAC etc.) or high school district. Definitely, each individual team will have specific split tendencies. If a receiver assumes a normal split, we must account for basic formation and situation tendencies. Furthermore, we must execute the fundamental leverage principle of the coverage called. Against a basic 2 – Back formation, with the ball in the middle of the field, a displaced #1 receiver’s split is considered normal if he aligns on top of the numbers (See Diagram 4).
There are three basic types of formations: Pro – Sets, 1 – Back Sets and Empty Sets. By alignment, every formation presents specific ‘Stress Points’ on the defense. These stress points are areas where the offensive formation stretches the defense horizontally and the releases of the receivers determines the vertical stretch. They are areas where the defense can anticipate being attacked in the running game and the passing game. A Pro-Set is identified by three points. A Pro-Set is defined by two backs in the back-field, a TE and two displaced receivers on either side of the formation. For simplicity of this article, we will only define one type of pro set, I – Pro (See Diagram 8).
Theoretically, the stress point on the strong side of an I – Pro formation originates in the B – Gap and extends out to the #1 receiver at a depth of 8 to 14 yards. The weak side stress point originates in the B – Gap and reaches the seam at a depth of 8 to 14 yards. 1 – Back sets can be categorized into two sub groups: 2 x 2 formations and 3 x 1 formations. The removal of either the tight end or one of the running backs specifically decreases the likelihood of a power running game. Typically, in the passing game, we can anticipate quick game, drop back passes and bootleg types of passes. 2 x 2 formations are balanced (See Diagram 9).
Receiver Releases We have introduced the concept of the ‘Stretch Principle’. Also, we identified offensive formations and the receiver’s splits within those formations. Now, we can analyze the receiver’s releases. There are six possible receiver releases. However, for simplification purposes, we categorize them into three groups: Basic Pass Releases, Special Release and Quick Indicator Releases. There are three Basic Pass Releases: A ‘Vertical Release’ being straight down field and defined when the receiver gets even with or behind the linebackers. An ‘Inside Release’ defined as shallow and toward the core of the formation. Finally, an ‘Outside Release’, which is shallow and away from the core of the formation (See Diagram 12).
The Significance of Release Types This is the application process of understanding the significance of the ‘Stretch Principle’. ‘Pattern Reading’ is the cause and effect relationship of the overall knowledge of formations, splits and releases. The relationship between vertical and horizontal stretch implies that the routes of the receivers work in conjunction with one another creating complementary route packages. The vertical and horizontal stretch of these route combinations work together to create throwing windows for the quarterbacks to place the ball down field. Again, “for every under there is an over.” In accordance with the fundamental principle of defending routes from the inside out, the initial key in the pattern reading process is the #2 receiver to each side of the formation. The release of the #2 receiver will determine the possibilities of what type of route the #1 receiver will execute. There are 3 – Basic Pass Releases to read from the #2 receiver: Vertical, Inside and Outside. A ‘Vertical’ release by the #2 receiver is identified as a straight drive off of the line of scrimmage that declares once he gets even with or past linebacker depth. This release has declared itself as the vertical stretch. Therefore, the #1 receiver will most likely run a shallow route to serve as the horizontal stretch (See Diagram 15).
Overall, when the #2 receiver executes an outside release, 63% of the time the #1 receiver will run an inside cut: Curl = 80% and Slant = 17%. The top four routes that the #1 receiver tends to execute are: Curl = 50%, Flag = 20%, Fade = 15% and Slant = 11%. 63% of the time anticipating an inside cut by the #1 receiver and 80% of those inside cuts being curl routes, this is the first route we want to anticipate and plan on leveraging. Thus, if #2 goes out, look for #1 coming back in (See Diagram 17).
Conclusion: All of the tendencies stated in this article are general concepts and principles within the game of football. The specifics listed within the aforementioned percentages are the results of playing for and working with three different offensive coordinators and the conscientious video study of every offensive opponent’s passing attack over a five year period in the Southeastern Conference and the Sun Belt Conference. Literally, three different play books and thousands of plays in the video evaluation are the foundation for the data. Pattern Reading involves the understanding of cause and effect relationships. Understanding these relationships, allows a defense to execute in the most efficient manner possible, thus, making the defense as productive as possible. These are fundamental concepts and principles. Defensively, we must acknowledge that every individual opponent is going to have their own personal tendencies. Accordingly, we must defend each team individually. |
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